Decoding brain states on the intrinsic manifold of human brain dynamics across wakefulness and sleep

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Current state-of-the-art functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers remarkable imaging quality and resolution, yet, the <jats:italic>intrinsic</jats:italic> dimensionality of brain dynamics in different states (wakefulness, light and deep sleep) remains unknown. Here we present a novel method to reveal the low dimensional intrinsic manifold underlying human brain dynamics, which is invariant of the high dimensional spatio-temporal representation of the neuroimaging technology. By applying this novel <jats:italic>intrinsic manifold</jats:italic> framework to fMRI data acquired in wakefulness and sleep, we reveal the nonlinear differences between wakefulness and three different sleep stages, and successfully decode these different brain states with an average accuracy of 96%. Remarkably, a further group analysis shows that the intrinsic manifolds of all participants share a common topology. Overall, our results reveal the intrinsic manifold underlying the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain activity and demonstrate how this manifold enables the decoding of different brain states such as wakefulness and various sleep stages.</jats:p>