Development and Initial Validation of the Autism and Neurodiversity Attitudes Scale.

BACKGROUND: Drawn from aspects of the autistic self-advocacy movement, the neurodiversity movement is a conceptual framework and sociopolitical movement that views neurological differences and disabilities (e.g., autism) as natural human variations that can form a central component of one's identity. This study presents the development and validation of a scale to assess endorsement of neurodiversity beliefs with respect to autism among both autistic and nonautistic adults. METHODS: Diverse samples of adults were utilized to conduct exploratory (N = 249) and confirmatory (N = 259) factor analyses, resulting in a 17-item second-order three-factor model that demonstrated adequate evidence of reliability and validity. RESULTS: The three factors consisted of Autism Anti-Stigma, Autism Permanence, and Autism as Difference. Additional analyses of measurement validity revealed that endorsement of the neurodiversity framework is positively correlated with sociopolitical engagement, and that endorsement of the neurodiversity framework is negatively correlated with negative attitudes toward people with disabilities. Self-identified autistic adults endorsed the neurodiversity framework to a greater extent than nonautistic adults. CONCLUSION: The validity results are congruent with the historical roots of the neurodiversity movement and the attitudes endorsed by many autistic adults. Given the factor structure and reliability results, researchers can use this scale to assess neurodiversity-affirming attitudes as a unitary construct or can use the anti-stigma subscale to assess stigma-related attitudes toward autism. This scale has utility for researchers that seek to understand and promote well-being in autistic adults, as well as research related to potential support systems in the lives of autistic adults. It can also be used to increase self-understanding among autistic individuals and allies, as this scale can be used for both autistic and nonautistic adults.