Subcortical Brain Volume, Regional Cortical Thickness, and Cortical Surface Area Across Disorders: Findings From the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD Working Groups.
Boedhoe PSW., van Rooij D., Hoogman M., Twisk JWR., Schmaal L., Abe Y., Alonso P., Ameis SH., Anikin A., Anticevic A., Arango C., Arnold PD., Asherson P., Assogna F., Auzias G., Banaschewski T., Baranov A., Batistuzzo MC., Baumeister S., Baur-Streubel R., Behrmann M., Bellgrove MA., Benedetti F., Beucke JC., Biederman J., Bollettini I., Bose A., Bralten J., Bramati IE., Brandeis D., Brem S., Brennan BP., Busatto GF., Calderoni S., Calvo A., Calvo R., Castellanos FX., Cercignani M., Chaim-Avancini TM., Chantiluke KC., Cheng Y., Cho KIK., Christakou A., Coghill D., Conzelmann A., Cubillo AI., Dale AM., Dallaspezia S., Daly E., Denys D., Deruelle C., Di Martino A., Dinstein I., Doyle AE., Durston S., Earl EA., Ecker C., Ehrlich S., Ely BA., Epstein JN., Ethofer T., Fair DA., Fallgatter AJ., Faraone SV., Fedor J., Feng X., Feusner JD., Fitzgerald J., Fitzgerald KD., Fouche J-P., Freitag CM., Fridgeirsson EA., Frodl T., Gabel MC., Gallagher L., Gogberashvili T., Gori I., Gruner P., Gürsel DA., Haar S., Haavik J., Hall GB., Harrison NA., Hartman CA., Heslenfeld DJ., Hirano Y., Hoekstra PJ., Hoexter MQ., Hohmann S., Høvik MF., Hu H., Huyser C., Jahanshad N., Jalbrzikowski M., James A., Janssen J., Jaspers-Fayer F., Jernigan TL., Kapilushniy D., Kardatzki B., Karkashadze G., Kathmann N., Kaufmann C., Kelly C., Khadka S., King JA., Koch K., Kohls G., Konrad K., Kuno M., Kuntsi J., Kvale G., Kwon JS., Lázaro L., Lera-Miguel S., Lesch K-P., Hoekstra L., Liu Y., Lochner C., Louza MR., Luna B., Lundervold AJ., Malpas CB., Marques P., Marsh R., Martínez-Zalacaín I., Mataix-Cols D., Mattos P., McCarthy H., McGrath J., Mehta MA., Menchón JM., Mennes M., Martinho MM., Moreira PS., Morer A., Morgado P., Muratori F., Murphy CM., Murphy DGM., Nakagawa A., Nakamae T., Nakao T., Namazova-Baranova L., Narayanaswamy JC., Nicolau R., Nigg JT., Novotny SE., Nurmi EL., Weiss EO., O'Gorman Tuura RL., O'Hearn K., O'Neill J., Oosterlaan J., Oranje B., Paloyelis Y., Parellada M., Pauli P., Perriello C., Piacentini J., Piras F., Piras F., Plessen KJ., Puig O., Ramos-Quiroga JA., Reddy YCJ., Reif A., Reneman L., Retico A., Rosa PGP., Rubia K., Rus OG., Sakai Y., Schrantee A., Schwarz L., Schweren LJS., Seitz J., Shaw P., Shook D., Silk TJ., Simpson HB., Skokauskas N., Soliva Vila JC., Solovieva A., Soreni N., Soriano-Mas C., Spalletta G., Stern ER., Stevens MC., Stewart SE., Sudre G., Szeszko PR., Tamm L., Taylor MJ., Tolin DF., Tosetti M., Tovar-Moll F., Tsuchiyagaito A., van Erp TGM., van Wingen GA., Vance A., Venkatasubramanian G., Vilarroya O., Vives-Gilabert Y., von Polier GG., Walitza S., Wallace GL., Wang Z., Wolfers T., Yoncheva YN., Yun J-Y., Zanetti MV., Zhou F., Ziegler GC., Zierhut KC., Zwiers MP., ENIGMA ADHD working group None., ENIGMA ASD working group None., ENIGMA OCD working group None., Thompson PM., Stein DJ., Buitelaar J., Franke B., van den Heuvel OA.
OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. METHODS: Structural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). RESULTS: No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders.